# Jobs in Spain for international graduates, by field

Pay, job demand, growth to 2035 and visa routes for 143 fields in Spain, for international master's graduates. Official Spanish sources.

Page: https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain

## In short

- **143** fields, each with pay, demand and visa routes
- **24 months** job-search permit after a master's
- **€33,085** minimum pay for an EU Blue Card within 3 years of your degree

## Highlights

### Highest typical pay

- [Healthcare Management & Hospital Administration €51,300](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/healthcare-management-and-hospital-administration)
- [Human Resource Management €50,300](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/human-resource-management)
- [International Business €49,600](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/international-business)
- [MBA & General Management €48,900](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/mba-and-general-management)
- [Clinical Specialisations €48,200](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/clinical-specialisations)

### Fastest projected growth

- [Computer Science +49.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/computer-science)
- [Cybersecurity +49.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/cybersecurity)
- [Software Engineering +49.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/software-engineering)
- [Data Engineering & Cloud Computing +48.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/data-engineering-and-cloud-computing)
- [Computer Networks & Systems +45.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/computer-networks-and-systems)

### Most online job ads a month

- [Computer Science 763](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/computer-science)
- [Software Engineering 763](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/software-engineering)
- [Data Engineering & Cloud Computing 719](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/data-engineering-and-cloud-computing)
- [Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning 654](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning)
- [Information Systems & Management 632](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/information-systems-and-management)

## All 143 fields

Typical pay for the jobs each field leads to, and projected job growth to 2035. Tap a field for the full picture.

- [United Kingdom](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/uk)
- [United States](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/us)
- [Canada](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/canada)
- [Australia](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/australia)
- [Ireland](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/ireland)
- [Germany](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/germany)
- [Netherlands](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/netherlands)
- [Sweden](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/sweden)
- [Denmark](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/denmark)
- [Finland](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/finland)
- [France](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/france)
- [Poland](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/poland)
- [Spain](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain)
- [Italy](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/italy)
- [Belgium](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/belgium)
- [Switzerland](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/switzerland)

### Engineering & technology 16 fields

- [**Aerospace Engineering** €42,100 Growth +30.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/aerospace-engineering)
- [**Biomedical Engineering** €42,200 Growth +30.9%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/biomedical-engineering)
- [**Chemical Engineering** €41,900 Growth +29.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/chemical-engineering)
- [**Civil & Structural Engineering** €45,500 Growth +22.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/civil-and-structural-engineering)
- [**Electrical & Electronic Engineering** €42,500 Growth +32.3%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/electrical-and-electronic-engineering)
- [**Energy & Power Engineering** €42,100 Growth +29.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/energy-and-power-engineering)
- [**Engineering & Technology Management** €46,900 Growth +26.3%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/engineering-and-technology-management)
- [**General Engineering** €41,500 Growth +30.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/general-engineering)
- [**Manufacturing & Industrial Engineering** €45,300 Growth +23.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/manufacturing-and-industrial-engineering)
- [**Mechanical Engineering** €41,900 Growth +29.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/mechanical-engineering)
- [**Mining & Petroleum Engineering** €41,900 Growth +29.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/mining-and-petroleum-engineering)
- [**Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials** €41,900 Growth +29.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/nanotechnology-and-advanced-materials)
- [**Nuclear Engineering** €42,400 Growth +26.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/nuclear-engineering)
- [**Robotics & Automation** €43,100 Growth +35.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/robotics-and-automation)
- [**Telecommunication Engineering** €43,400 Growth +36.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/telecommunication-engineering)
- [**Transportation & Logistics Engineering** €47,200 Growth +18.3%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/transportation-and-logistics-engineering)

### Public health & allied health 16 fields

- [**Allied Health & Therapy (general)** €43,200 Growth +8.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/allied-health-and-therapy-general)
- [**Anatomy & Physiology** €42,600 Growth +24.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/anatomy-and-physiology)
- [**Audiology** €42,800 Growth +12.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/audiology)
- [**Global Health & International Development** €41,300 Growth +20.9%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/global-health-and-international-development)
- [**Health Informatics & Digital Health** €46,500 Growth +41.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/health-informatics-and-digital-health)
- [**Mental Health & Counselling** €33,300 Growth +10.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/mental-health-and-counselling)
- [**Nursing & Midwifery** €46,500 Growth +6.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/nursing-and-midwifery)
- [**Nutrition & Dietetics** €43,500 Growth +13%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/nutrition-and-dietetics)
- [**Occupational Therapy** €46,200 Growth +6.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/occupational-therapy)
- [**Optometry & Vision Sciences** €42,500 Growth +11.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/optometry-and-vision-sciences)
- [**Paramedic Science** €30,800 Growth +19.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/paramedic-science)
- [**Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation** €46,500 Growth +5.9%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/physiotherapy-and-rehabilitation)
- [**Public Health & Epidemiology** €41,000 Growth +15.3%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/public-health-and-epidemiology)
- [**Radiography & Medical Imaging** €31,200 Growth +28.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/radiography-and-medical-imaging)
- [**Speech & Language Therapy** €45,000 Growth +6.9%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/speech-and-language-therapy)
- [**Sports Science & Exercise Science** €29,700 Growth +32.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/sports-science-and-exercise-science)

### Business & management 14 fields

- [**Business Analytics** €46,200 Growth +31.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/business-analytics)
- [**Digital Business & E-Commerce** €45,300 Growth +29.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/digital-business-and-e-commerce)
- [**Entrepreneurship & Innovation** €46,800 Growth +27.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/entrepreneurship-and-innovation)
- [**Fashion Business & Luxury Brand Management** €44,500 Growth +21%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/fashion-business-and-luxury-brand-management)
- [**Healthcare Management & Hospital Administration** €51,300 Growth +15%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/healthcare-management-and-hospital-administration)
- [**Human Resource Management** €50,300 Growth +28.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/human-resource-management)
- [**International Business** €49,600 Growth +28.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/international-business)
- [**Marketing & Communications** €47,500 Growth +30.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/marketing-and-communications)
- [**MBA & General Management** €48,900 Growth +26.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/mba-and-general-management)
- [**Media Management & Digital Transformation** €43,600 Growth +26.9%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/media-management-and-digital-transformation)
- [**Real Estate & Property Management** €41,700 Growth +21.6%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/real-estate-and-property-management)
- [**Sports Management** €39,000 Growth -0.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/sports-management)
- [**Strategy & Consulting** €45,600 Growth +31.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/strategy-and-consulting)
- [**Supply Chain & Operations Management** €46,500 Growth +14.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/supply-chain-and-operations-management)

### Arts, design & creative studies 11 fields

- [**Animation & Visual Effects** €41,600 Growth +32.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/animation-and-visual-effects)
- [**Architecture & Built Environment** €42,500 Growth +27.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/architecture-and-built-environment)
- [**Film & Media Production** €32,500 Growth +18.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/film-and-media-production)
- [**Fine Art & Visual Arts** €34,700 Growth +14.6%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/fine-art-and-visual-arts)
- [**Graphic Design & Illustration** €42,800 Growth +32.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/graphic-design-and-illustration)
- [**History of Art** €34,900 Growth +12.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/history-of-art)
- [**Interior Design & Spatial Design** €34,300 Growth +38.9%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/interior-design-and-spatial-design)
- [**Music** €29,500 Growth +18.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/music)
- [**Performing Arts & Drama** €31,300 Growth +11.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/performing-arts-and-drama)
- [**Product & Industrial Design** €42,300 Growth +34.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/product-and-industrial-design)
- [**Textile, Costume & Apparel Design** €40,900 Growth +30.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/textile-costume-and-apparel-design)

### Computer science & data technology 10 fields

- [**Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning** €45,400 Growth +45.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning)
- [**Bioinformatics & Computational Biology** €43,100 Growth +35.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/bioinformatics-and-computational-biology)
- [**Computer Networks & Systems** €46,100 Growth +45.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/computer-networks-and-systems)
- [**Computer Science** €46,000 Growth +49.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/computer-science)
- [**Cybersecurity** €46,000 Growth +49.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/cybersecurity)
- [**Data Engineering & Cloud Computing** €45,100 Growth +48.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/data-engineering-and-cloud-computing)
- [**Data Science & Analytics** €44,600 Growth +41.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/data-science-and-analytics)
- [**Human-Computer Interaction & UX** €45,400 Growth +43.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/human-computer-interaction-and-ux)
- [**Information Systems & Management** €45,600 Growth +45.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/information-systems-and-management)
- [**Software Engineering** €46,000 Growth +49.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/software-engineering)

### Humanities & languages 10 fields

- [**Anthropology** €33,100 Growth +21.6%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/anthropology)
- [**Archaeology** €32,100 Growth +13.6%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/archaeology)
- [**Creative Writing** €33,600 Growth +12.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/creative-writing)
- [**History** €34,300 Growth +16.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/history)
- [**Journalism & Media Studies** €38,500 Growth +21.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/journalism-and-media-studies)
- [**Linguistics** €30,100 Growth +14.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/linguistics)
- [**Literature** €36,000 Growth +17.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/literature)
- [**Modern Languages** €32,600 Growth +17.3%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/modern-languages)
- [**Philosophy & Ethics** €38,600 Growth +23%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/philosophy-and-ethics)
- [**Theology & Religious Studies** €32,300 Growth +14.6%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/theology-and-religious-studies)

### Education & teaching 9 fields

- [**Early Childhood Education** €32,800 Growth +15.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/early-childhood-education)
- [**Education Policy** €31,500 Growth +23.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/education-policy)
- [**Education Studies** €32,200 Growth +17.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/education-studies)
- [**Educational Leadership & Management** €40,800 Growth +11.3%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/educational-leadership-and-management)
- [**Higher Education Management** €40,100 Growth +21.6%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/higher-education-management)
- [**Library & Information Science** €35,200 Growth +19.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/library-and-information-science)
- [**Special & Inclusive Education** €20,600 Growth +19.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/special-and-inclusive-education)
- [**Teacher Training & Pedagogy** €37,800 Growth +15.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/teacher-training-and-pedagogy)
- [**TESOL & Language Education** €26,000 Growth +16.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/tesol-and-language-education)

### Life sciences & biotechnology 9 fields

- [**Biochemistry & Molecular Biology** €44,300 Growth +28.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/biochemistry-and-molecular-biology)
- [**Biological Sciences** €43,600 Growth +28.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/biological-sciences)
- [**Biotechnology & Bioengineering** €45,200 Growth +28.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/biotechnology-and-bioengineering)
- [**Evolutionary & Developmental Biology** €41,400 Growth +28.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/evolutionary-and-developmental-biology)
- [**Genetics & Genomics** €43,800 Growth +27.6%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/genetics-and-genomics)
- [**Marine Biology & Aquatic Sciences** €42,000 Growth +29.3%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/marine-biology-and-aquatic-sciences)
- [**Microbiology & Immunology** €43,700 Growth +26.3%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/microbiology-and-immunology)
- [**Neuroscience** €40,800 Growth +23.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/neuroscience)
- [**Plant & Animal Sciences** €42,000 Growth +29.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/plant-and-animal-sciences)

### Environment, sustainability & agriculture 8 fields

- [**Agriculture & Forestry** €44,300 Growth +24.9%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/agriculture-and-forestry)
- [**Ecology & Earth Systems** €41,600 Growth +28.6%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/ecology-and-earth-systems)
- [**Environmental Management & Policy** €42,100 Growth +29.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/environmental-management-and-policy)
- [**Environmental Sciences** €41,900 Growth +29.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/environmental-sciences)
- [**Food Science & Technology** €42,700 Growth +25%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/food-science-and-technology)
- [**Renewable Energy & Clean Technology** €42,100 Growth +29.3%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/renewable-energy-and-clean-technology)
- [**Sustainable Development & Climate Change** €43,300 Growth +28.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/sustainable-development-and-climate-change)
- [**Water & Environmental Engineering** €41,900 Growth +29.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/water-and-environmental-engineering)

### Medicine & clinical health 7 fields

- [**Biomedical Sciences** €43,800 Growth +24.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/biomedical-sciences)
- [**Clinical Specialisations** €48,200 Growth +4.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/clinical-specialisations)
- [**Dentistry & Oral Health** €45,400 Growth +7.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/dentistry-and-oral-health)
- [**Medical Research & Translational Medicine** €44,200 Growth +24.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/medical-research-and-translational-medicine)
- [**Medicine & Surgery** €45,800 Growth +6.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/medicine-and-surgery)
- [**Pharmacy & Pharmacology** €45,600 Growth +19.3%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/pharmacy-and-pharmacology)
- [**Veterinary Science** €45,000 Growth +10.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/veterinary-science)

### Natural sciences 7 fields

- [**Chemistry** €44,000 Growth +27.7%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/chemistry)
- [**Earth & Geological Sciences** €42,200 Growth +30.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/earth-and-geological-sciences)
- [**Materials Science** €41,900 Growth +29.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/materials-science)
- [**Mathematics** €42,700 Growth +32%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/mathematics)
- [**Oceanography & Marine Sciences** €41,900 Growth +29.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/oceanography-and-marine-sciences)
- [**Physics & Astronomy** €42,200 Growth +31.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/physics-and-astronomy)
- [**Statistics & Operations Research** €42,600 Growth +29%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/statistics-and-operations-research)

### Social sciences 7 fields

- [**Criminology & Criminal Justice** €35,000 Growth +24.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/criminology-and-criminal-justice)
- [**Development & Area Studies** €42,000 Growth +26.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/development-and-area-studies)
- [**Gender, Diversity & Cultural Studies** €36,900 Growth +24.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/gender-diversity-and-cultural-studies)
- [**Geography** €41,100 Growth +29.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/geography)
- [**Social Policy & Social Work** €34,400 Growth +21.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/social-policy-and-social-work)
- [**Sociology** €35,700 Growth +28.9%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/sociology)
- [**Urban Planning & Policy** €43,100 Growth +27.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/urban-planning-and-policy)

### Economics, finance & accounting 6 fields

- [**Accounting & Auditing** €45,200 Growth +29.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/accounting-and-auditing)
- [**Actuarial Science** €43,800 Growth +29.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/actuarial-science)
- [**Corporate Finance & Financial Management** €47,000 Growth +28.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/corporate-finance-and-financial-management)
- [**Economics** €38,600 Growth +24.6%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/economics)
- [**Fintech & Financial Technology** €44,500 Growth +37.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/fintech-and-financial-technology)
- [**Investment & Risk Management** €45,100 Growth +30.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/investment-and-risk-management)

### Law, politics & governance 6 fields

- [**Corporate & Commercial Law** €39,300 Growth +25.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/corporate-and-commercial-law)
- [**International Law & Human Rights** €43,600 Growth +16.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/international-law-and-human-rights)
- [**International Relations & Diplomacy** €39,900 Growth +26.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/international-relations-and-diplomacy)
- [**Law** €42,600 Growth +15.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/law)
- [**Political Science** €42,300 Growth +26.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/political-science)
- [**Public Policy & Administration** €42,900 Growth +28.1%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/public-policy-and-administration)

### Psychology 5 fields

- [**Clinical & Counselling Psychology** €35,800 Growth +11.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/clinical-and-counselling-psychology)
- [**Educational Psychology** €31,900 Growth +15.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/educational-psychology)
- [**Forensic & Criminal Psychology** €34,700 Growth +17.5%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/forensic-and-criminal-psychology)
- [**Occupational & Organisational Psychology** €45,800 Growth +26.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/occupational-and-organisational-psychology)
- [**Psychology — General & Research** €38,000 Growth +13.2%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/psychology-general-and-research)

### Hospitality, tourism & service industry 2 fields

- [**Culinary Arts & Food Service Management** €38,100 Growth +8.8%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/culinary-arts-and-food-service-management)
- [**Hospitality & Tourism Management** €41,400 Growth +5.4%](https://uniferedu.com/job-market-research/spain/hospitality-and-tourism-management)

Typical pay: [Encuesta de Estructura Salarial 2022 (INE, table 36830), uprated with the Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial (table 28186); ISCO-08 figures calculated by UNIFER through INE's CNO-11–ISCO-08 key](https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=36830) (Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), CC BY 4.0 (INE)). Growth: [Cedefop Skills Forecast — future employment growth by occupation group, Spain, 2022–2035](https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/tools/skills-intelligence/future-employment-growth) (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop), Cedefop: reuse with acknowledgement of the source (CC BY 4.0)). Online job ads: [Online job advertisements by occupation (ISCO-08 three-digit), Spain — experimental statistics (jvs_a_isco3_r1)](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/jvs_a_isco3_r1/default/table?lang=en) (Eurostat, Eurostat reuse policy: free reuse with acknowledgement of the source (Commission Decision 2011/833/EU)). Updated 2 November 2026.